PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and other organisms (algae) take light energy and convert it into chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates.

Cellular Respiration

ROS production during cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is the process by which food molecules react with oxygen and are broken down to carbon dioxide and water with a net gain of captured energy in the form of ATP molecules. In about 5 percent of the time, oxygen is reduced to highly reactive superoxide. This is probably due to a “leak” of single electrons at a particular site of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. When superoxide undergoes further reduction, H2O2 and the extremely reactive hydroxyl radical is formed. It happens spontaneously or under the influence of various enzymes. The transition from H2O2 to hydroxyl radicals is favored in the presence of metals such as iron or copper. It also happens during abnormal exposure to ionizing radiation.

Animal Cell

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cell membrane - the thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell. The cell membrane is semipermeable, allowing some substances to pass into the cell and blocking others.

centrosome - (also called the "microtubule organizing center") a small body located near the nucleus - it has a dense center and radiating tubules. The centrosomes is where microtubules are made. During cell division (mitosis), the centrosome divides and the two parts move to opposite sides of the dividing cell. The centriole is the dense center of the centrosome.

cytoplasm - the jellylike material outside the cell nucleus in which the organelles are located.

Golgi body - (also called the Golgi apparatus or golgi complex) a flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that looks like a stack of pancakes and is located near the nucleus. It produces the membranes that surround the lysosomes. The Golgi body packages proteins and carbohydrates into membrane-bound vesicles for "export" from the cell.

lysosome - (also called cell vesicles) round organelles surrounded by a membrane and containing digestive enzymes. This is where the digestion of cell nutrients takes place.

mitochondrion - spherical to rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane. The inner membrane is infolded many times, forming a series of projections (called cristae). The mitochondrion converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for the cell.

nuclear membrane - the membrane that surrounds the nucleus.

nucleolus - an organelle within the nucleus - it is where ribosomal RNA is produced. Some cells have more than one nucleolus.

nucleus - spherical body containing many organelles, including the nucleolus. The nucleus controls many of the functions of the cell (by controlling protein synthesis) and contains DNA (in chromosomes). The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear membrane.

ribosome - small organelles composed of RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules that are sites of protein synthesis.

rough endoplasmic reticulum - (rough ER) a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted sacks that are located in the cell's cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). Rough ER is covered with ribosomes that give it a rough appearance. Rough ER transports materials through the cell and produces proteins in sacks called cisternae (which are sent to the Golgi body, or inserted into the cell membrane).

smooth endoplasmic reticulum - (smooth ER) a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted tubes that are located in the cell's cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). The space within the ER is called the ER lumen. Smooth ER transports materials through the cell. It contains enzymes and produces and digests lipids (fats) and membrane proteins; smooth ER buds off from rough ER, moving the newly-made proteins and lipids to the Golgi body, lysosomes, and membranes.

vacuole - fluid-filled, membrane-surrounded cavities inside a cell. The vacuole fills with food being digested and waste material that is on its way out of the cell.

Questions:
1. What is a vacuole?
2. What surrounds the nucleus?
3. The jellylike material outside the cell nucleus in which the organelles are located is called a what?

1. Explain how currents contribute to the distribution of marine organisms around the planet.
Currents have an effect to the distribution of marine organisms.

The currents control the water temperature as it continually circulates throughout the ocean. Currents also supply very little oxygen in greater depths of the ocean. Some organisms need a certain degree of temperature and when currents control the temperature of the ocean this can greatly affect them.

2. The primary factor influencing ocean currents is temperature regulation. What might happen to the ocean currents (and has happened in the past) as global warming increases?

As global warming increases, global sea level will increase. Since the glaciers and ice caps are melting, fresh water dumped in the ocean, a lighter water over denser and warmer water. This may also affect the climate patterns

3. Explain how density changes cause currents.

Currents are caused by differences in the density of the ocean. These differences are due to changes in salinity. Salinity is a measure of salt dissolved in seawater. More salinity means greater density. During the evaporation cycle, salt is left behind and causes an increase in salinity. Dense water will sink and spread out causing temperature changes and therefore changes current.

"The Hike"

Last Saturday's lab for Marine Biology class, we took a little hike up Mt. Laulau. Well I don't even know if that's even considered a mountain. But the hike was pretty steep going up about a quarter of a mile. Bree Reynolds, our instructor, invited Angello Villagomez to be our tour guide. He taught us a lot about the place and how they have been working to restore its natural beauty. He also mentioned how burning of the trees in the area affect land and the ocean below the hill. Unfortunately, when hunters decide to clear the area by burning down trees and brushes, it causes erosion. Most of all, the ash left on the ground causes some kind of chemical reaction and during heavy rains, this gets washed down to the ocean causing damage to sealife. The hike was a good exercise activity and a very educational one too.

Question: What atoms are in sour foods?

Hypothesis:
The most higher the concentration of loose hydrogen atom, the more sour the food.

Procedures:
1. Get five cups for each food dropping.
2. Add five drops of food droppings to each cup.
3. Add a drop of dye to each cup.


Data:
The color of the dye shows the concentration of loose hydrogen atoms in the food Pink has the highest concentration of loose hydrogen atoms and is the most sour.
Next is orange, then olive green, then green, and lastly blue.

Results:
Lemon juice has the highest concentration of loose hydrogen atom. Vinegar is next, then orange juice, milk, and finally water.

Explanation:
The more concentration of loose hydrogen atom in a substance the sour it gets.


Sour Food:
What are acids and bases?
Acids are substances that produce hydrogen ion in water solution. Bases are substances that hydroxide ion in water solution.
What is a molecule?
The smallest unit in a substance that can exist alone and retain the character of that substance.
Why is pH important in the ocean?
pH of the ocean is determined by a need to balance the deposition and burial of CaCO3 on the sea floor against the influx of Ca2+ and CO32- into the ocean from dissolving rocks on land, called weathering.

Question: What molecules make the hole in the bread?

Hypothesis: Sugar when mixed with yeast turns into carbon dioxide.

Procedures:
Add 3 scoops of yeast into a tube.
Add 3 scoops of sugar.
Fill the tube 3/4s full with warm water.
Use a stick to stir the yeast and sugar into the water until the water is the same color as the yeast.
Reaction in the tube takes time.
Get a flashlight and flash the light to the side of the tube.
Notice the small bubbles streaming up



Data: Yeast is a living thing that feed on the sugar molecules. It breaks the sugar molecules apart into new molecules. Carbon dioxide gas molecules make the tiny bubbles you saw in the tube.


Results: The chemical reaction in the tube also happens in bread. Yeast added to bread dough breaks apart the sugar molecules in flour. The carbon dioxide gas molecules make bubbles. The carbon dioxide gas bubbles are trapped in the bread dough and leave holes when the bread is baked.


Explanation: The chemical reaction between yeast added to bread dough breaks apart sugar molecules and leaves holes in the bread when it is baked.


Holes in Bread:
What gas causes the bubble?
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
How was the gas produced?
Yeast converts sugar molecules into CO2.
How does CO2 get in the ocean?
The ocean absorbs CO2. CO2 dissolves easily in cold water.

Tides (revised)

Shape of Life

What organism is thought to be the first multi-cellular animal?

The ancient sponge

How is it the same and different from animals today?

Similarities: They both have molecules, cells, and different animal cells.

Differences: The way they feed, reproduce, and the way they move (sponges don't move)

How do scientists know its an animal?

The built up of thier cells and molecules. And collagen - a protien held by all living organisms.

What evidence do scientists have to prove that other animals (multi-cellular) evolved from this organism?

Thru genetics

What more do you want to know?

I personally want to know:
What made the cells interact?
How to determine if its a male or female?